Commentary on Three Lunulae, Truro Museum

Three Lunulae, Truro Museum is a poem written by Penelope Shuttle and it is written with the perspective of a person who visits a museum and views the Lunulae. The visitor, upon first seeing the Lunulae begins to imagine their history. The gender of the viewer is unknown but it seems to be a woman, given the gentle and delicate way of writing, shown through the first stanza â€Å"gold so thin, only an old woman would notice its weight†. The poem consists of 14 stanzas but varies in length probably contributing to a shift in mood and tone of the poem.The poem begins with the description of the Lunulae as soon as the visitor walks in where they comment on the gold on the Lunulae and that it was so thin only an old woman would notice it, creating imagery in our mind about how fine and delicate the Lunulae is and therefore, adding to the speakers intrigue towards the object. This description continues in the second stanza where she compares the gold to crescent moons that came out of the â€Å"sunken district of the dark†. This comparison probably tells us how the Lunulae were found after the â€Å"archaeologists† dug it out of the ground.This gets the poet to start describing the ornaments and how the women of the Bronze Age â€Å"threw no barbaric shadows† which seems like a connection with the Bronze age and how it may have been a time of violence. The reference to â€Å"freeze† in stanza five and â€Å"winter† links to a seasonal recurrence where spring probably represents the young people and that winter symbolizes doom, old age and eventually: death. Contrasting to this description, the poet uses a lot of delicate and gentle sounds such as moon, women and mood to probably ease out the process, almost as if it was a cyclic movement.When the speaker describes these ornaments, it’s as though time stands still while she is entranced by the ornaments but the mention of the â€Å"slight quick tap of a clock† ( stanza 6), the reader is reminded that time still exists and that it waits for no one. This idea is supported by the previous mentions of the moon and the women of the Bronze Age where the speaker describes the event almost as if she were back in time with them and that it stood still when she spoke about it.In stanza 5, the reference to insects’ legs is quite an odd simile to use but it conveys the fact that the clocks hand, is like and insects’ leg, quiet and unseen, almost as if it goes on unspoken till we meet our end, or when it is winter. The next few lines only add to the intrigue of the speaker towards the object where she tries to see what others could not see. She wants to go beyond the three women’s’ faces and actually understand the story behind the Lunulae. The reference to the word â€Å"sickle shapes† along with â€Å"insects’ legs† and â€Å"thin gold remains of autumn† show the delicate and fragile imagery with a link to nature.In stanza 9, there is a possible connection to stanza 3 and in this stanza, the women seem to be appearing in front of the speaker, almost in a ghost like form with â€Å"a face like a frost fern†. The description here is very dark and aggressive. The â€Å"Light twists in a violent retching† and this shows the manner in which the women are manifesting themselves. In contrast to what was said earlier in stanza three, it seems now that these women did have a violent past. The â€Å"dusty snakes† which are used to describe the women implies that they are very old and possess a sly character.Towards the end, the readers understand that the custodian is about to close the museum and this intriguing story behind the Lunulae is about to come to an end. The speaker must leave as they are closing. The speakers friend waits there to buy him a postcard and they both step outside where there are autumn leaves. This reference to the autumn leaves touches u p upon the previous mentions of seasons, time and how life is almost like a cyclic movement: pre planned and inevitable.The poet tries to convey to us that every single thing has its own story, its own identity and that every thing we do in life connects us to events in the past and the future. This poem conveys the importance of time and how it is destructive in nature where at one point, everything seems fine but after a while, things tend to fall apart and ugly truths begin to reveal themselves. It teaches us that the mind is very fragile and gullible but explains to us that what is shown on the surface is not always the truth.

David Hume and Naturalism

David Hume is a naturalist, which means he believes our thoughts are not based on reason at all, but are based in nature. Hume suggests that nature is all we need to justify our beliefs. This means that we make conclusions about things around us based on habits and patterns. Hume suggests that experiences explain justifications and notions far greater than any rationalization. A part of Hume’s theory lies in the sentiment of feeling. â€Å"It must be excited by nature†¦ [and] whenever any object is presented to the memory or senses, it immediately, by the force of custom, carries the imagination to conceive that object†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hume p. 1). This means that a feeling occurs when the senses bring an object to the imagination.Nature creates being according to Hume’s naturalist ideas. According to Hume’s naturalism philosophy, humans and other animals experience nature and create feelings in very similar manners, and from similar causes. Hume emphasizes th at both humans and other animals make predictions and explanations about the world, and all of this is because of experiencing nature. Discipline and education are the core of learning for animals. Animals, therefore, are not guided in these inferences by reasoning: Neither are children: Neither are the generality of mankind, in their ordinary actions and conclusions: Neither are philosophers themselves, who, in all the active parts of life, are, in the main, the same with the vulgar, and are governed by the same maxims† (Hume p. 70). Hume suggests that when animals or humans are experiencing a new situation it is actually a combination of past events they are already familiar with. Hume suggests that reasoning and argumentation cannot be trusted (Hume p. 71).Therefore, it is the senses of all beings observing nature that create emotions, thoughts, and experiences. It is also expressed in Hume’s Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding that animals have knowledge not only from observation, but also a lot from â€Å"the original hand of nature† (Hume p. 72). This could mean that animals have certain instincts given by nature that can not be controlled. Hume was in all senses a naturalist. Nature holds all answers according to Hume, and neither humans nor other animals hold the ability to create arguments and ideas without nature.

Principles of Quality Control Relating To Business Management Research Paper - 1

Principles of Quality Control Relating To Business Management - Research Paper Example There are many employees who at times do not take adequate measures in order to maintain proper quality. Therefore, in this regard, it can be demonstrated that such an attitude may lead to loss of the customers. On the flip side, the competitors may take advantage of the market needs. It has been viewed that most of the flourishing companies have identified the role of the customers-defined quality on the business. As a consequence of this, most of the companies have focused their attention on quality standards. The two successful companies that have identified customer satisfaction as their topmost priorities are Honda Motor Company and Ford Motors. Quality is one of the primary aspects that each and every organization aspires to maintain their products and offerings. Quality in their offerings can offer an organization with the added competitive advantage. The definition of the factor quality in business management context generally relies upon the position of the people defining it. There isn’t any single description of quality. However, according to certain people, the term quality can be understood as â€Å"Performance to Standards†. In short, the term quality can be comprehended as the degree of excellence (John Wiley & Sons, â€Å"Total Quality Management†). It can be revealed that the term quality tends to have an impact upon all the aspects of the organization and it also has cost implications. It has gained importance as in due course of time organizations have realized that poor quality might result in high costs. The greatest loss to the company can result when the poor standards of quality transpire to discontented customers. This can ultimately result in a loss of consumer as well as business. The term quality can be associated with a few other costs. One group of the cost is referred to as the cost of quality control whereas the other group of cost can be referred to as the prevention and appraisal cost.  

Not eassay ...just 2 quitiins phsics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Not eassay ...just 2 quitiins phsics - Essay Example s defect (Podgorsak 17), in a nucleus comes about due to the fact that under normal convection, the mas of the protons and nucleons is assigned a rounded off value, 1, which is not the actual mass of the neutrons nor the protons. The mass of a proton is equal to 1.00728 u, where u represents the atomic mass unit (amu), whereas that of a neutron is equal to 1.00866 u. Summation of the masses in the nucleus, mass of individual nucleons in the nucleus, should represent the actual mass, but the measurable mass is always less. This inequality results to a phenomenon in the atomic properties referred to as the mass defect. The values obtained from the calculations above are as expected, with knowledge of the atomic structure and the expected differences in the atomic radius of the atoms; my deduction was that the larger the radius of the atom, the higher the binding energy needed to hold the atom together. The difference in the binding energy between Fe56 and Ra226 is associated to the difference in the atomic weight of the atoms. The atom that has a higher number of nucleons requires higher energy to keep the nucleus at its short rage. From the calculations of the binding energy, the higher the number of nucleons in the nucleus, particularly the neutron, results to a higher difference in the mass defect, which translates to high values of the binding energy. From the definition of biding energy as the energy that holds the nucleons together to form the nucleus, the k shell electron in the tungsten experiencing 69.5 KeV is at the stable element state. Tungsten (W74) is made up of 74 protons or electrons and 110 neutrons. The atomic mass of the atom is 183.84 u, but by using the nucleons, we can get the mass defect: From the bidding energy calculated above, the binding energy to the K shell electron is a mere fraction of the total biding energy by the nucleus. The biding energy that the electron may be experiencing may be 69.5 KeV, which is the energy needed to

Social studies education & digital source materials Research Paper

Social studies education & digital source materials - Research Paper Example This helps to contribute to research and evaluation in the field of social studies and technology. Digital sources extend the learning experience beyond the traditional learning experience. This is because technology introduces students to activities in which skills and content are taught more meaningfully (Savage, Armstrong, & Potthoff, 2000). In order to achieve this, instructors need to understand and make sure that they respond to the needs of their students. Teachers can then design learning experiences that will challenge their students to make informed connections and this will in turn expand their knowledge (White, 2000). Teachers can come up with a variety of ways that may include digital sources to deliver a given concept. This is because the understanding capabilities of their students differ. In order to make learning more meaningful, they have to meet the needs of every student that may require them to go beyond the traditional learning techniques (Levstik & Tyson, 2008). One way in which technology can be applied in the social studies curriculum is by using digital sources similar to the ones found at the Virginia Center for Digital History. At the center, they have developed a series of digital history projects (Ross, 2006). The main aim being to develop high standard quality, properly researched and reliable history material for the website globally and deliver them to the general public, schools and historical societies among other institutions. The digital archive can also be found online through the Virginia Center for Digital History (Savage, Armstrong, & Potthoff, 2000). Students from all over the world can then access the primary information that is readily available online and use it to understand the importance of people and events that occurred in the past. This is because the site provides students with raw data at their disposal that can be manipulated and interpreted. Institutions can also use these

Webquest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Webquest - Essay Example Other components that can enhance but are not essential to the WebQuest, according to Dodge, are making the WebQuest either single discipline-focused or multiple-disciplines-focused; incorporating elements to motivate participants; and the incorporation of group activities (Dodge). Question 2: Looking at actual WebQuests, it is clear that the outline provided by Dodge has been useful in defining the parameters of such exercises, and from their widespread adoption it can be said to that the format of the WebQuest had been instrumental in its efficacy as a teaching and learning protocol/strategy/program/plan. There is a high level of uniformity in the adoption of the critical elements in many of the WebQuests that I encountered for this exercise, with the exception of a few that also incorporated Teacher Advice and Credits sections on top of the key elements of the Introduction, Tasks, Process, Evaluation, and Conclusion. The Teacher Advice section seems to be helpful in theory, as far as providing additional, but important notes that Teachers can refer to when making use of the WebQuest, to enhance learning outcomes )(Dodge; Rogers; Creech; Smith-Rios). a. The WebQuest focuses on the use of the Web to find out differing versions of Cinderella in different parts of the world, designed to develop critical and analytical skills among students as they navigate through the process and prescribed references/steps. The WebQuest states that this is appropriate for a Language Arts class in Sixth Grade (Rogers) b. The students were made to go through several sources to help them develop an understanding of how to research and compare varying versions of the Cinderella story. The directions are clear and well-laid out, and further substantiated by the requirements in the Evaluation Crtieria (Rogers) c. The color scheme invokes

Child Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Child Abuse - Essay Example We should not violate the rules. Breaking the law and ruining other's human rights will mean consequences. No one would ever want to be harmed, or neither experience pain and great depression or anxiety due to some reasons of failure and inferiority complex done by the people around this organism. Love is the only solution and only the cure and prevention to the bad products of abusing. But love seems to disappear on the way of these poor children. According to a politician "children who are not loved and are not given emotional affections became adults who are fool of hatred". Once a child came to this kind of heartaches they do come to be like those who pulled his heart out. The Asahi Evening News reported that the rate of children being abused had increased than last year for about 30%. The experts are saying that more mother are carrying the whole responsibilities of rearing children and parenting, due to this kind of problem the children catches all the pain that made them be victims, aside from that issue the mass people don't cooperate well, they have the responsibility to report abuses that are happening on their community. The Daily Yomiuri of Japan said that the death rate of children who are abused also increases due to some cases like; the child is left alone inside the house and some are stocked on a car. And those parents are caught to be playing on a pachinko pinball machine, the set aside their duty to take good care of their children for just a game and leisure's. The authorities decided to be stricter on filing complaints to those careless parents. As we can see parents are supposed to be caring their children and if that so they will not leave those poor children in vein just like an animal right According to the January 1990 issue of the Science Digest, 87% of prisoners in jail experienced being bitten and kicked by their own parents during childhood, the reason why according to them, they became criminals and even by actual seeing a violent scene or event can also cause these children on their way to adulthood to become violent too. That's how they imitate old ones. As we all know children are great imitators. Some experts are saying that these children who have experienced bullying from parents during childhood will also show on their behavior a violence acts as they grew up and made harm to their siblings too or of the young ages just the same of what they had in their past. We should not let abusing go for long. Children must be treated with love and harmonious affections and not hatred and punishments without any valid reasons. There are bad results of course if one had come to this kind of situation. Physically, verbally and sexually abused women during childhood will forever respond negatively unto stress according to The Dallas Morning News. The research of the Emory University in Atlanta, regarding hormone's functions, had come up with a result that those women who experienced abusage are tired faster than those who are not. Enza Mattas, Regional Center for Attention to Mistreated Children (Crami) Coordinator state that 90% of the street children decided to leave their family because of physical abuses and sexual abuse too. These children are saying that this is the reason why they turned to drug abuse. Through the O Estado de S. Paulo of Brazil, Mattas warned the health professionals and teachers to become alert to signs of abuses such as; changes on their

Construction Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Construction Economics - Assignment Example The economic policy of a government is generally reflected in its national budget (Jenkins 1978). Partly, it is through the budget that the government exercises its three principal methods of establishing control: the stabilization function, the allocative function and the distributive function. In some cases, economic policies are usually influenced by international institutions such as the World Bank or International Monetary Fund as well as policies of political parties and their beliefs. The business environment within which most housing and construction companies operate has continued to change rapidly throughout the world. Construction companies that fail to adapt or respond to these changes have problems in their survival. Therefore, contractors must be capable of improving their performances continuously in order to out smart their competitors. In nature, the construction company is complex because it consists of a large number of parties as contractors, stakeholders, clients, consultants and regulators. However, despite its complexity, it plays a great role in the achievement and development of the goals of a society. Economic growth refers to the rise of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) or other measures of total income. It is usually represented in annual basis as the rate of change in real GDP. The economic growth of a country depends on the ability of that country to improve its productivity, that is, its ability to produce more goods and services using similar inputs of labor, materials, energy and capital. According to most economists, there are two types of economic growths: the long-term economic growth and short-term economic stabilization. However, economic growth is usually concerned with the long-term type. The short-term type is rather deemed as the business cycle. The leading indicator of the state of economy in a given country is the housing and

WORKING IN PARTNERSHIP REFLECTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

WORKING IN PARTNERSHIP REFLECTION - Essay Example This complies with the NMC professional code of conduct (2008). The Royal College of Nursing (RCN 2007) argues that Inter-professional collaboration looks at teamwork, communication, professionalism and modern issues that influence practice at present. According to Kendall & Lissauer (2003) various health care professionals have a range of expertise and skills different from others and their experiences and insights into situations capture dissimilar care needs. It therefore enables the patient Like Jessica to receive the best care. Working in a multidisciplinary team can help different professionals to collaborate with each other in order to benefit the patient and deliver person-centred care. (DOH 2004). The government decided to implement a plan to reform the National Health Services in 1997. That included both inter-professional collaboration and patient-centred care (The plan aimed to offer mutual participation in a shared decision-making partnership (Antai-Otong 2006). This would offer a patient-led National Health Service that would work closely with the social services providing patients like Jessica with social support once discharged from hospital.   (Department of Health and Royal College of Nursing 2003). Whilst on placement I accompanied Ms. B from my team to undertake a CPA review at Royal Ground Mental Unite hospital. On our way, Ms. B took the lead by explaining Jessica’s mental health state. She informed how long she had been involved in her care. Also, she told me the type of intervention that she may need to be put in place while Jessica is either in hospital or discharged. As our discussion continued to prolong, Ms B alerted me about CPA processes and procedures and how the professionals involved with Jessica’s care were aiming for her improvement so that she could be discharged soon. The information shared with me was very interesting as Ms B was discussing the reasons behind her

Tipaimukh Hydro-Electric Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Tipaimukh Hydro-Electric Project - Assignment Example Also the submergence may lead to loss of homes, means of subsistence like agricultural, horticultural and even forest lands, where tribal have access to minor produces as well as for jhumming, and naturally will have traumatic effect on the affected population. Under such circumstances, it will be proper to take timely steps for planning rehabilitation and resettlement of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) to avoid any further disastrous incidents. Due to varied geomorphic character, complex tectonics, structure and soft sediment lithostratigraphy, and change in draw down, the impounded water is bound to cause unstable slope condition, especially in reservoir rim, particularly those in the limit of draw down. Thus, in the event of sudden draw down, major slide could develop. Simultaneously, reservoir water would act as the load drive, as is commonly found in the Himalayan Region, which may have a positive stabilizing influence too. It is therefore recommended that about 100 m above the reservoir rim is thoroughly investigated for site specific knowledge on failure mechanism and adequate protection measures, as explained, be planned at the pre-construction stage with tentative provision of shot crating, rock anchoring, carving out of slopes etc. Landslide activity would generat... eously, reservoir water would act as the load drive, as is commonly found in the Himalayan Region, which may have a positive stabilizing influence too. It is therefore recommended that about 100 m above the reservoir rim is thoroughly investigated for site specific knowledge on failure mechanism and adequate protection measures, as explained, be planned at the pre-construction stage with tentative provision of shot crating, rock anchoring, carving out of slopes etc. Landslide activity would generate rock boulders, silts and mud, but its effect is again dependent on the distance of occurrence from the project components. If the slide occurs much above the FRL direct impact would be less. However, some slides just at the periphery of the rim would add to the silt load / bed load. This impact on the project could be managed by arresting the potential slide zones through suitable engineering treatment measures, afforestation etc. However, the project shall have a separate provision for engineering geological studies to provide necessary treatment measures. Monitoring Gas Emission During construction / excavation of underground openings in the project site, emission of explosive gas may be encountered as the lithological sequence to be encountered is of tertiary age. Therefore, its adverse effect of damaging environment during construction period could be mitigated through early monitoring of the quantity and quality & concentration of the gas. For this gas detector and protective measures, as per underground construction / mining rule is to be kept and executed strictly. Monitoring of Change in Water Quality Provision for monitoring of change in water quality, both upstream and down stream, should be made. Seismic Risk, Hazard Monitoring and Mitigation

Human Population Growth Essay Example for Free

Human Population Growth Essay No matter what organism you are talking about, all living things possess the ability to reproduce. This comes in two forms. The first form of population growth is Exponential Population Growth. The second is Logistic Population Growth. Exponential population growth refers to when a population is not subject to any limiting factors, it will grow and expand exponentially even past the capacity of the environment to sustain. Rabbits are a good example of this form of population growth, â€Å"Thus, the exponential growth model explains how a few dozen rabbits can multiply into millions and overrun a continent. † (Simon, Reece, Dickey, 2010) Logistic population growth refers to when a population reaches the capacity of the environment to sustain, the population growth declines. Fur seals of St. Paul Island are a good example of this, â€Å"After hunting was controlled, the population increased rapidly until about 1935, when it began to level off and started fluctuating around a population size of about 10,000 bull seals—the carrying capacity for St. Paul Island. † (Simon, Reece, Dickey, 2010) Humans tend to exhibit exponential forms of population growth. We rapidly reproduce and expand, exceeding the carrying capacity of the environment. This leads to us spreading to other areas and exceeding the carrying capacity there as well.

Utilitarianism Classical Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism Classical Utilitarianism Essay Classical Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy, which was developed in 19th century England by Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill and Henry Sidgwick. The essential feature a utilitarian reside in, is the notion that an action is right if it produces the most amount of happiness well limiting suffering. Utilitarianism focuses solely on the consequences of the action, in an attempt to bring about the most happiness from each situation, well ensuring everybody’s happiness is equally considered. A utilitarian decides each action, by calculating the overall utility (good) that will results against the overall disutility (bad) that will result from a particular action. The action with the highest total net utility will be chosen. Within Utilitarianism there is a division between the conceptions of what is perceived as good; Hedonist Utilitarianism and Preference Utilitarianism. Classical utilitarians believe in Hedonist, were pleasure or happiness is perceives as the only intrinsic good. In modern society most utilitarians believe that the concept of good refers to preferences, and that individual preference satisfaction should be maximized for example artistic creation. There is a further division between utilitarians; Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism. Rule Utilitarianism, holds that one should always follow rules that tend to promote the general welfare of humans for example a rule might be not to killing people. Act Utilitarianism holds that one should always act to promote the general welfare. Utilitarianism is plausible firstly because general overall happiness is achieved for the greatest amount of people. Second, because of it simplicity it is easy to determine whether an action is moral or immoral. You simply have to calculate the total utility against the total disutility for each action, and chose the action that will result in the most happiness. Third, the majority of society uses Utilitarianism when they are confronted with daily decisions. For example in peak hour traffic the majority of drivers would let another driver change into their lane, because the other driver obviously needs to change lanes. The other driver is likely to gain more happiness from being let in than the potential unhappiness it will cause you by waiting a few extra second in traffic. Fourth, it is a simply way off living a moral life, were you do not necessary have to be religious to be moral in your decision-making. The strongest objection against Utilitarianism is that it cannot accommodate for moral considerations such as individuals rights and justice. This is because Utilitarianism only considers the consequence of an action. This objection is highlighted in a case concerning an innocent man whose was wrongfully convicted of a crime. In 1974, England, Gerry Conlon was falsely imprisoned, for the bombing of a pub in the town of Guilford, which killed five people. This case raises the issue that the consequences of an action should not be the only things considered when deciding which action to take. If a utilitarian was to view this case critics would argue that a utilitarian would have to conclude that even with, bad consequences resulting from convicting an innocent man, their would overall be more good consequences derived from the peace of mind gained from the loved one of the deceased, as well as the community of Guilford. Critics of Utilitarianism would argue that greater consequences would result in convicting the innocent man, therefore Utilitarianism is unable to regard the importance of justice, this philosophy must therefore be wrong. With the objection that Utilitarianism cannot accommodate for the importance of justice, a utilitarian would address this concern with the response that by choosing the action that results in the best consequences, justice will ultimately be protected. Justice will always be protected even if it is not a utilitarian ultimate purpose. In regards to Gerry Conlon case, a utilitarian would never choose to convict an innocent man of a crime he didn’t commit because, even if more happiness was achieved in the short run through this false conviction, in the long run more unhappiness is likely to result. In the long run the guilty man would be likely to bomb again or commit another crime, also if the liar was discovered then the situation would cause greater disutility than utility, and may result in the dispatch of the justice system, as-well as great upset for the deceased family members who thought the bomber had already been punished. Therefore even though Utilitarianism doesn’t accommodate the moral consideration of justice directly, greater utility will always be created from upholding the justice system. The other aspect of the objection address criticism that Utilitarianism doesn’t accommodating individuals rights, therefore critics believe Utilitarianism must be wrong. A utilitarian would argue that just because rights are not directly considered in relation to the consequences of an action, they do in-fact have some impact on the chosen action. With majority of the population getting happiness out of doing the right thing, rights are often protected through Utilitarianism. For the small minority of people that don’t experience unhappiness from disregarding human rights, the existence of the police force ensures human right are protected from these members of society. With human rights being protected under law, people rights will be upheld under Utilitarianism because there will always be a larger amount of disutility from violating the law than from the personal gains of a human right offender. For example the CEO and CFO of Tyco a New Jersey-based company stole $150 million and inflated Tyco incomes by $500 million, in doing so they violated the rights of investors. After the police discovered this fraud, the justice system penalized both, with a sentence of 8-25 years in prison with the addition of $2. 92 billion paid to Tyco Investors. Under Utilitarianism this case wouldn’t occur because the benefits of stealing this money would never outweigh the consequences that result from being caught for defrauding investors. Therefore even though rights are not considered in the consequence of an action, they have a strong connection with the chosen action. Word- 992.

Importation of Agricultural Products from Africa to the EU

Importation of Agricultural Products from Africa to the EU The Role Certification, including Grading and Standards Play in the Importation of Organic Agricultural Products from Africa to the EU CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Abstract What are standards?; what is organic produce? What factors drive the economic climate in Africa and the EU? What is certification? What is the purpose of certification? and how important is the exportation of organic agricultural produce from Africa to the EU in terms of their economic relationship?, are all questions which go to the heart of this thesis. Accordingly they will be extrapolated throughout the thesis enquiry and where they intersect and overlap this will be explained throughout the thesis. Various themes will be incorporated into the thesis since these, too will be relevant to the answering of the above named questions. These themes include; the economic climate in Africa; poverty in Africa; the importance of the organic produce exportation market to African farmers; why regulation is important in the EU; supply chain management issues and their importance; business good practice; traceability of produce; pricing; productisation and marketing strategies. These themes an d the answers to these questions will highlight the role that certification, including grading and standards play in the importation of organic products from Africa to the EU. The purpose of these processes will be looked at throughout the course of the thesis and this will elucidate their role also. The place of certification, grading and standards processes will be assessed; and their overall contribution to the economic climate in Africa will be examined. In this sense, through analysis of contemporary and historical, economic and political issues, both in the EU and in Africa, a greater perspective on the role of these processes may be derived. Also, the importance of organic produce to consumers in the EU will be examined and the reasons for its growth in popularity will be analysed, since this too will shed light on the role played by certification, grading and standards processes in the importation of organic produce from Africa to the EU. Introduction The economic relationship between Africa and the EU is complex (Ake, C. (1996); p1), and may be described as of key economic significance to Africa, and, albeit to a lesser extent to the EU. The economic relationship in terms of organic commodity trade and exportation is also important. The market for organic produce in the EU is developing at an exponential rate. The reasons for this will be looked at in more detail, as the thesis progresses, but for the moment is is suffice merely to support this point in the following way: the Centre for the Development of Industry in the EU has estimated that the annual growth rate of the organic products market in global terms exceeds 20% (CDI, 1999; p1). Some more figures may put this statistic into perspective. This industry for organic commodity produce produces sales of an estimated 4.1 billion Euro, in Europe (as estimated in 1997) (CDI, 1999; p2). This is all the more significant for the EU, given that according to EPOPA (2006; Section 3.1 .1) the connections between Africa and the EU in the arena of organic exportation of agricultural produce are far more developed that those between Africa and Japan or between Africa and the United States[1]. This evidences the importance of the relationship between the EU and Africa, and the importance of sustaining this economic relationship by keeping standards of produce in terms of quality and integrity at a high threshold. This is one of the functions of the the process of certification, which will be examined in greater detail as the the thesis progresses. The European Union have strict regulations which apply to the importation of organic products from Africa into the EU, and this is particularly true of organically produced commodities such as coffee, vanilla and other foodstuffs produced by African farmers. Certification is one of these processes of regulation and it is a requirement which is just one of an amalgam of requirements which must first be satisfied before organic agricultural products may be exported from Africa to the EU. Many programmes and organisations have been established with the specific purpose of encouraging African farmers to export organic produce to the EU. Organic produce which is to be exported from Africa into the EU is required to be checked rigorously to ensure that its standards are acceptable for consumption in the EU. These standards, procedures and programmes and their purpose will be explained and discussed throughout this project. In particular, there will be a focus on the role that grading and standards play in the importation of organic agricultural products from Africa into the EU. The methodology which will be used throughout the thesis will be qualitative in nature and will revolve around the evaluation of secondary sources. Some quantitative material will be used but this will be evaluated qualitatively, in keeping with the emphasis which is to be maintained on the qualitative arm of research methodology. Research Aims and Objectives The objectives of the research are fairly straightforward. The primary concern of the research is to answer the thesis question as clearly and as concisely as possible. The writer wishes to formulate an originally conceived thesis and to draw conclusions on the basis of what has been discovered through the research enquiry. The limitations of the research will be assessed, and the best ways to lessen the effects of limiting factors will be identified and implemented. Therefore the writer wishes the thesis to contribute to research in the field and to be a source of information for others interested in researching the same field. It is the ultimate aim of the writer, to fully understand the role of certification (to include the process of grading and standards) in the importation of organic agricultural produce from Africa to the EU. Therefore these processes will be examined in depth and explained in full, with reference to academic publications and internet based resources. The socio-political and economic environment in which these processes operate is of crucial importance to the thesis, and accordingly it is the aim of the writer to fully explain these and the give illustrations of theory, where appropriate. A means of doing so effectively has been identified as the use of a case study. Accordingly, the country of Uganda has been chosen as the basis for the case study, and the socio political environment and the points made in relation to this will be illustrated through this mechanism. CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY Methodology This project will involve a qualitative evaluation of published and well known texts in the field. These will be secondary sources, as the topic is so far removed from Western culture and the resources available to the writer are such that credible primary research is perhaps not a feasible option. Nevertheless in depth and comprehensive insights will be gleamed from books, articles and web based resources. The methodology will therefore use secondary sources. Qualitative research mainly focuses on an interpretation of the world around the researcher. The researcher themselves is used as a mechanism of research and their observations form key elements in the research (Bryman, A. (1992); p45). Quantitative research, conversely focuses on scientific extrapolations of data (Bryman, A. (1992); p11) and quantitative research tends to predict and hypothesis about results whereas qualitative research results tend to be more malleable and subjective in their extrapolation. The focus on qualitative research was chosen for this project as it seemed more compatible with the ultimate aims of the thesis enquiry. A dearth of literature is available on the subject at hand and this may be explored through many means such as library based and internet based research. Therefore views and opinions, as well as the research of others were consulted in the course of the research. In the course of research of this nature, to preserve the integrity of the research; objectivity is obviously a prime concern. The writer must be careful not to extract views that are biased, or to formulate their own views through examination of biased material. Therefore a very wide scope was introduced to the research and a wide selection of texts were consulted. Where possible more than one text were used to substantiate points that are to be made. This scope will assist the writer to accumulate a more biased and open minded view of the issues which the research question will address. The objectivity of the research was also preserved as the writer consulted a wide range of sources published by interested parties, such as development agencies, non profit making organisations, government endorsed material and material available from the world of academia. The website of the European Union was also consulted as this is probably quite a reliable source of information, and reliability, like objectivity was paramount in the pursuit of the research objectives. Therefore sources that were disseminated through reliable and well recognised media like on-line book databases were consulted. In this sense therefore the qualitative research which was the objective of the project was gathered systematically and in a planned and structured manner. Potential drawbacks and potential problems for the thesis enquiry were also considered. Limited resources were obviously a primary concern, as any research project may be indefinitely improved upon through expenditure of money and availability of resources. However, since this is a university project and one which has a limited time scale, such investment was not feasible. Therefore the writer attempted to compensate for this by ensuring that the research objectives were identified clearly from an early stage of the research, so as to enable the writer to devote as much time as possible to the gathering of material for the project. The research was therefore well planned and executed in a consistent and methodical manner, adding credibility and depth to the finished piece. Ethics are also of primary concern to any credible researcher. Therefore, the writer ensured that they familiarised themselves with ethical research practices, prior to the execution of the research. In terms of ethics, for this research, which does not involve contact with human research subjects, the ethical concerns of the writer were probably much less onerous, as great care must be taken when human subjects are involved in research. Nevertheless, ethical concerns played a substantial part of the research skeleton and the themes of objectivity and reliability of sources were given much consideration, as has been explained above. The emphasis was on producing a wide, comprehensive, well thought out and ethically complied thesis and this is obvious from how the piece has been approached. CHAPTER THREE AFRICA, FARMING AND THE EU African Farmers and the EU Thousands of African farmers operate small farm holdings and they are, in many respects reliant upon these agricultural practices in terms of maintaining a healthy, or even subsistence standard of living. Poverty among this sector of Africans (the agricultural sector) has been explained in many ways, some of which are described in this passage: 'Tiffen et al.'s (1994) much-admired study of Machakos District, Kenya, demonstrates much success in agricultural development and improved rural welfare over the last 40 years. But there is precious little in that work about differentiation. Instead, we have had to wait for Rocheleau et al. (1995) for reports of increasing social differentiation in the District. This has been reinforced by the detail in Murton's recently published work (1999), based on surveys in one village in upper Machakos, supported by rapid appraisal for other villages.Forty per cent or more of households have not had the capital to invest in cash crops of coffee and French beans(Belshaw and Livingstone (2002); p110)'. The EU plays an important part in maintaining higher living standards for the African farmers, and a large part of this involves supporting the practice of exportation of organic produce from Africa to the EU. This supporting function engaged in by the EU involves the support and maintenance of various agencies and initiatives. The agencies to whom the responsibility of ensuring that the importation of organic agricultural products from Africa to the EU runs smoothly conduct research and gather data in relation to the operation of importing organic produce from Africa into the EU. They also offer advice to African farmers wishing to improve their circumstances through growing and exporting their products to the EU. Examples of the agencies and initives mentioned above include EPOPA (Export Promotion of Organic Products from Africa), Fairtrade and EFTA. EPOPA This is an organisation which is called a development agency. It was originally set up by the Swedish International Development Agency in 1997, and its aim is to educate African farmers about business strategy and awareness of the regulations which are involved in exporting their organic produce to Africa (EPOPA, 2006; p1). Specifically, this agency targets small holder farmers as this sector of the African population stand to gain the most from this education, advice and information provision service (EPOPA, 2006; p1). EFTA EFTA was established in 1990 and this term stands for the European Free Trade Association (http://www.efta.int/). This organisation operates as part of a network which involves eleven different Fair Trade organisations in various European countries, who import fair trade products from almost 500 economically disadvantaged countries, including Africa (http://www.efta.int/). Its head office is based in Maastricht in the Netherlands and its main official mission statement is to ensure that Fair Trade is conducted more efficiently and effectively; part of its role is also to disseminate information to farmers in Africa and to organise networks between farmers to ensure that they can exchange ideas and experiences of producing products, including agricultural products for sale in the EU (http://www.efta.int/). Markets for Organic Products It is important to be aware that the market for organic produce is limited when compared with the markets for more generic produce. Although it has been argued above that the market for organic produce in the EU is quite large, it is important to understand that this market is not comparable in terms of size with other markets, selling globally recognised merchandise and products such as Mc Donald's food and mobile phones. This puts the pressing need for quality standards in the organic food market into perspective, and highlights the need for processes of certification and quality control. In terms of organic trade the US, the United Kingdom and Germany have the biggest markets for the sale of organic produce; whereas the most significant per capita consumption can be found in Switzerland, Sweden and Denmark (EPOPA, 2006; Annex 2). This limited size exemplifies the importance of putting high quality produce into these markets; as often what drives the demand for organic produce is the perception that organic produce is of a superior quality and is more healthy for the purposes of consumption. Outlets for Organic Produce A look at the food outlets for organic produce throughout the EU will also allow the writer to gain perspective on the importance of quality and standards. This analysis will introduce the main thrust of the thesis, which is the role of certification, grading and standards in the importation of organic produce from Africa into the EU. In the EU, most organic produce tends to be marketing through hypermarkets and supermarkets (EPOPA, 2006; Annex 2). The emphasis is on cleanliness and presentability. This is an indication of the growing demands there are in the EU for organic produce. The features of organic produce are very marketable within the EU, in the face of public concerns about food safety and health issues connected with foodstuffs. The genetically modified food market has also perhaps strengthened the demand for organic foodstuffs within the EU, since this controversial issue has highlighted and contributed to the growing concerns there are among members of the public about the long term health impacts which may be the result of eating an unhealthy or overly chemically ridden diet. There are proven links between diet and cancer; proven links between some chemicals and cancer and obviously these health issues make the public image of organic foodstuffs very important. These factors have put organic food onto the shopping lists of many people within the EU, who perhaps traditionally would have regarded organic food as a luxury which was extravagant and unnecessary. The next section will focus on how Africa came to be one of Europe's main suppliers of these organic foodstuffs, that are growing in importance. CHAPTER FOUR AFRICA'S DEVELOPING ECONOMY Africa's Economic Climate and the Developments Which Have Affected the Agricultural Industry The Africa economy has undoubtedly become more sophisticated in recent years (http://europa.eu/pol/agr/index_en.htm) (Hanna, J. and Hanna, W. (1981); p81). Like the Republic of Ireland, Africa has seen a process of diversification. The age old dependency upon commodities for the economic well being of the country has been lessened through the process of diversification (Barber, W. (1961); p44) (Hyden, G., Kates, R. and Turner, B. (1993); p41). Mauritius is just one example; South Africa, Botswana, Senegal and Uganda are others. Commodities such as sugar cane, minerals and gold and diamond exportation and the manufacturing industries which have seen more investment have contributed to this emboldened leap forward(Arnold, G (2000); p91) (Konadu-Agyemang, K. (2001); p11). Strengthening political structures has also played a large part in the economic progress that has been seen to affect the commodity markets in particular in these countries (Yudelman, D. (1983); p3) (Ottaway, M. (1997); p15). Ottoway gives us some important detail here: 'The economy that the new democratic elites inherit in most African countries has typically suffered from two decades of mismanagement, exogenous shocks, and inappropriate policies, resulting in a growing debt crisis and a semipermanent process of negotiations and debt rescheduling with international creditors. In addition, the democratic transition itself has occasioned large economic costs, either because of extensive civil unrest and sometimes violence, or because of the fiscal recklessness of authoritarian leaders trying to hold onto power. Thus, the governments that emerge from the process of democratization face the daunting tasks of consolidating pluralist institutions and undertaking urgent economic reform simultaneously(Ottaway, M. (1997); p17)'. During the 1960s, when most African countries obtained independence from colonial rule, many commodity industries were subject to a process similar to the nationalised industry strategies we saw immediately prior to the Thatcher era in Britain (Aryeetey, E., Court, J., Nissanke, M. and Weder, B. (2003); p201). The commodity industries in most African countries therefore were heavily influenced by politicians often engaged in undemocratic practices (Reynolds, A. (1999); p28). Also, the absence of private enterprise which these national led economies fostered led to huge market inefficiency. These processes are slowly becoming more sophisticated, and African countries have moved from selling raw produce to packaging and marketing their own. Africa farmers are also engaged in direct trading with the West(Federici, S., McLaren, J. and Mwaria, C. (2000); p3); the EU in particular as we have seen explained in the introduction. Better investment in the economies of African countries has led to the availability of more education for more people. Interventions from agencies, described above have also contributed greatly to the increasing sophistication of the economies of African countries, paying dividends in terms of a strengthened economy and better stability for small holdings farmers (Abubakar, A. (1989); p83). Better roads have also been a dividend of this growing economic fervour, as these have led to better economic stability for producers who are able to sustain their own supply chains for private enterprise commodity exportation to the EU, and further afield. Specifically, this is of relevance to organic producers of agricultural produce for ultimate distribution in the EU. Sea and air freight are the most common forms of transportation used by African farmers to deliver their products to the EU (EPOPA, 2006; Section 3.1.3). However there are countries such as Uganda and Zambia, which may be descried as landlocked countries, and as such they need to rely upon established and well constructed roads in order to ensure that there business supply chain is uninterrupted and reliable. This is so that they may be able to reach ports and airports with their produce. What is Quality/What are Standards? This refers to a measure of how much value the product may be seen as having. Higher quality products tend to have higher values. Standards, in the context of the certification process refer to a measure of quality. Quality is important in the context of organic commodity export from Africa to the EU as it allows producers to measure how valuable their produce is in a comparative sense. In this sense, quality informs the end consumer of the product and it also informs each and every actor who has contact with products along the supply chain which brings the product to market. Quality is therefore of key significance to all concerned with the presence of organic agricultural commodities from Africa in the EU and global markets. Specifically, quality in the production of organic commodities in Africa is measured with reference to particular characteristics. These are: origin, service, volume, and reliability of exporter (EPOPA, 2006; Section 3.5). CHAPTER FIVE THE CERTIFICATION PROCESS AND WIDER ECONOMIC ISSUES Factors which an African Farmer Must Take into Account: The Certification Process Before an African farmer may export organic agricultural goods for consumption within the EU, the farmer must first obtain a certificate in Organic Standards (EPOPA, 2006; Section 2.2). The purpose of the certification process is to ensure that the farmer is producing organic products that are of a high enough standard to enter the EU market and the homes of EU consumers. It is illegal for an African farmer to export goods from their farms, for distribution in the UK, without first obtaining such certification, and the organic certificate is only issued for a period of one year (EPOPA, 2006; Section 2.3). While obtaining the appropriate certification, is often time consuming and expensive, there are many ways this certification can be obtained and the two major categories are external certification and internal certification (EPOPA, 2006; Section 2.3). The farmers may engage in what is known as an Internal Control System or ICS. Small farmers can obtain certification in groups, which ameliorates the constraint of expense on the farmer in question (EPOPA, 2006; Section 2.3). This system of internal certification is advantageous to farmers also as it maximises contact between farmers in similar situations and enables networks to the established between the farmers and therefore facilitates the building of economic relationships and the sharing of experience and expertise. These groups need to be monitored internally. External certification involves an external certifier gathering much information about the farmers who wish to export their agricultural organic produce to the EU. In order for standards and grading to be conducted in a fair and consistent manner the farmer in question must provide much information about their business and agricultural practices (EPOPA, 2006; Section 2.3). The external certifier may organise inspections of the produce (and where quality suspicions have been raised, more inspections may be carried out at the certifier's discretion) which has been grown by the farmer wishing to export organic goods for sale and consumption in the EU and the certifier may make certain recommendations to the farmer; accordingly the external certifier holds much power and influence (EPOPA, 2006; Section 2.3). What Does the Certifier Look For in the Pursuit of Consistent Standards of Product Integrity? The certifier will look at a number of issues before the issue of a certification which will enable the farmer to distribute his organic agricultural produce for consumption in the EU. Firstly there will be a need to ensure that organic and non-organic produce is keep separate; secondly there will be a need to ensure that products are traceable; thirdly the technologies which are used in the growth and production process are strictly monitored, and lastly there will be a need to ensure that controls are imposed on agents used in the production process of the goods (EPOPA, 2006; Section 2.4). These are the main issues which a certifier will look at before a certificate will be issued to the farmer who wishes to export his agricultural produce to the EU. Perhaps the most important of these processes is the need for traceability. This process refers to the identification of foodstuffs and an ability to trace where the product has come from (EPOPA, 2006; Section 2.3-2.4). This process is particularly important, where there are quality or health and safety issues with the organic foodstuffs. This process therefore involves a registration programme, where farmers are required to to register the full origin of the produce, including any supply chain transitions, so that the origin of the foodstuffs are always clearly identifiable (EPOPA, 2006; Section 2.3-2.4). In terms of the monitoring of technology and the other factors identified above; these are also very important in the process of standards and grading of the produce. Ethical factors are key here. Organic agriculture is often viewed by those who purchase and consume organic products as a safer and more environmentally friendly option. The certification process has to ensure that these standards are retained on a level which is commensurate with the levels of faith that consumers of organic produce place in them. Therefore technologies and production enhancement through the use of technology is strictly monitored in the standards/grading and certification process. The Need for Certification in Terms of Quality Control of Organic Agricultural Produce There is quite a broad spectrum of quality which may be expected from African producers of organic agricultural produce. This diversity exists even in spite of the checks which are imposed at certification level. The agencies which work closely with African farmers aim to eliminate these problems with quality. The certification process is just the first step, since even the checks which may be imposed at certification level can only guarantee a standard level of quality. In some cases, also the certification inspections may not be frequent enough to identify and eliminate sub standard produce. The long term solution to this problem therefore is arguably to attempt to look at why some African farmers are producing lower grade produce and in doing so to attempt to identify some possible solutions to this problem. Organic farming is also highly labour intensive and attracts very high distributions expenses. Also, in terms of organic produce from Africa, the African distributors often obtain very low prices for their products in EU markets and this encourages or even necessitates lower quality produce to be distributed (EPOPA, 2006; Annex 3). This is due to a number of factors, one of which is that the image of Africa and African produce is quite poor. Consumers are often very concerned with the origin of the products in question and, while this is an intangible issue, which is essentially reputation orientated; this does not imply that it cannot be addressed at source, by African farmers. One way to address this problem is to build rapport with the customer, by attaching recognisable names and personas to the produce, creating continuity and trust between producers and the end consumer. Examples of these 'personas' have been identified by EPOPA (2006; Section 3.2.1) as Tasty Toms, De l Monte Pineapples and Chiquita bananas. Branding therefore is a crucial part of the commodity market for sale of organic produce between Africa and the EU, as it builds trust and encourages the African farmers producing such commodities to maintain their reputations through strengthening the quality of the products they can distribute to end customers. The Fair Trade Certification Process This is a particular course of certification which may be acquired mainly for agricultural products (EPOPA, 2006; Section 3.3.3). It is similar to the generic process of certification, although it is perhaps not as widely recognised by exporters of produce to the EU, which is because this particular method of certification seeks to target small and disadvantaged commodity producers in Africa (EPOPA, 2006; Section 3.3.3). What is the Grading and Standards Process? The grading process is an essential part of the organic exportation business. It may be done by both farmers themselves and by exporters (EPOPA, 2006; Section 3.2.2). It ensures that minimum standards are adhered to and that there are levels of consistency in terms of quality instilled in the quality control processes surrounding the exportation of organic produce to the EU. Grading may be carried out in conjunction with other processes that are linked to the grading system. Bulking, cleaning, grading and packing are usually undertaken at the same time (EPOPA, 2006; Section 3.2.2), as this enables the grader to identify and separate lower quality produce, and to ensure that the produce is fully prepared for exportation. For example, if a certain commodity is packaged in a particular way, it may be graded in a better category, since it is to be expected that the packaging may preserve the produce better than inferior packaging or no packaging at all. Grading and its Links with Better Infrastructure Grading is inherently linked with economic and infrastructure development in African countries. It makes sense that processes like this should not be regarded as isolated processes. For example, the grading of produce may be significantly affected by the length of time it takes for their produce to reach points where exportation may begin. Therefore the point that economic processes may be seen to be intertwined so crucially with more macro economic

Essay --

Colin Green HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE IN THE INTERANTIONL LABOUR ORANIZATION (ILO): INDONESIA A. Given the poor working conditions in Indonesia and other countries around the world, health and safety in the workplace has always been an important issue for the International Labour Organization. Poor working conditions continue to threaten the lives of millions of people every year. Every day approximately 6,000 workers lose their lives as a result of accidents in the workplace (Safety and Health at work in Indonesia). A safe and positive work environment is essential for a productive work area or company. Despite efforts to increase safety in the work place, annually, over 430 million people suffer injuries or illness due to working conditions (Safety and Health at work in Indonesia). Human and gender equality rights activists hope to reduce the number of minorities and women working in unhealthy and unsafe workplaces as well as reduce the number of hazardous working environments. Many third world countries such as Indonesia are made up of a low skilled labor force an...

Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeche

Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom Before I start I have to ask... Do you like my outfit?... you see, I asked the tailor for Versace... but he thought I said "Liberace"! Ladies, Gentlemen, Friends, Relatives and any stray pedestrians who may have wandered in. On behalf of my wife and I... or as I prefer to call her "my most recent ex-girlfriend", welcome to our wedding. I hope you're all enjoying yourselves on this special day. Its great to see you all and I can honestly say it would have been rubbish without you. It would also have been a lot cheaper without you, but that's beside the point. We'd like to thank my new Father-in-law for his kind words and good wishes. And to thank both my new in-laws for all the help (both organisational and financial) they have given us in arranging this reception. I'd like to thank them personally also for all the kindness and generosity they have shown me over the last 8 years, especially after we got off on the wrong foot 8 years ago with the awful blocked toilet incident. I won't go into the details here, but suffice to say their toilet was not blocked before I went in there, but it was very blocked when I left... and overflowing. Nothing much was said at the time, but I did notice on my next visit that the bathroom carpet had been replaced with easy wipe laminate floor! So for that discretion and everything else: thank you. We'd also like to thank my mum for ... ...or those who don't know, Nuala is the one with the plaster cast on her arm, sustained in an arm-wrestling contest to decide who would be the chief bridesmaid. And Shiv who is the chief bridesmaid! We'd like to thank both of you for all the support given to the bride today as well as the other kind of support offered on the way home from the hen do. But most of all we want to thank you for blending in so well with the table cloths. So if you would all stand and raise your glasses and join me in toasting the bridesmaids... "The bridesmaids!" OK I could go on all night, trotting out the usual tired old jokes and fictitious anecdotes, but instead I'm going to leave that to the best man. Thank you.

Pride And Prejudice: Five Married Couples Essay -- essays research pap

Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice presents five married couples. No two are alike. From the pure love which was experienced through Elizabeth and Darcy. To the love and attraction shared by Jane and Bingley. The convenience of marriage was portrayed through Charlotte and Mr Collins while Lydia and Wickham’s marriage was based on their desire, attractions and financial status. Mr and Mrs Bennet’s marriage was for their necessity. Austen reveals many messages through her characters on her major theme, being marriage. Elizabeth and Darcy share common interests that help reflect their love and marriage. During Elizabeth’s stay in Pemberly while Jane is ill, Austen reveals to the readers, that Elizabeth and Darcy share a common interest. For example, Miss Bingley states that ‘Miss Eliza Bennet†¦ is a great reader†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ p34. While in a conversation between Darcy and Miss Bingley, it is stated, ‘What a delightful library you have at Pemberly,†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ p34. This illustrates to the readers that the two share the same interest of reading. Having the interest reading portrayed to the readers as an interest, reveals that Elizabeth and Darcy may be suitable match for one another. It clearly shows how common interests can increase the chance of marriage as it makes the bond for one another stronger. Thereby demonstrating that the love between Elizabeth and Darcy reflects on their interest shared by each other. The marriage of Elizabeth and Darcy was also pure love for one another. Though this is not established until the end of the novel. Darcy’s love for Elizabeth is expressed from his heart. Austen illustrates this when he states to Elizabeth, ‘You must allow me to tell you†¦ I admire and love you,’ p157. Austen portrays Darcy’s character as being very proud, so they way he expresses his love for Elizabeth seems pure and genuine. A proud man would find hard to express such feelings in that manner. Thus it proves his love for Elizabeth is clear. Elizabeth also shows her love towards Darcy. Mr Bennet calls Elizabeth into the library after his proposal. In a conversation between the two Elizabeth states, ‘†¦I do like him,†¦ I love him.’ P303. She is aware that her feelings towards Darcy haven’t always been this positive, but she believes that he is able to make her happy. Elizabeth believes happiness is the first sign to a good m arriage. Therefore, this reflects Elizabeth and D... ...n a man of large fortune should be in want of a wife. Though Mr Bennet was not a man of large fortune, he did however, need a wife so that in the event of his death, he had a heir to pass of family fortune to. Mrs Bennet married Mr Bennet simply because women wish to get married. It seemed a perfect match, Mr Bennet had to marry someone to pass on family heritage whilst Mr Bennet married for her own needs. Those being, for connections and fortune of another man. This reflects how marriage between Mr and Mrs Bennet is conveyed to the readers as entirely different reasons. Thus showing how Mr and Mrs Bennet married for necessity. Five married couples are married together for different reasons Austen’s major theme discussed during the text is marriage. Many messages are put forward to readers as to what an ideal reason for marriage is like. For instance, Elizabeth and Darcy marry for love and interests. Jane and Bingley marry for love and attractions. Charlotte and Mr Collins marry for convenience. Lydia and Wickham marry for their desire, attractions and financial reasons, while Mr and Mrs Bennet marry for necessity . This is established in Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice.

Rewards of Teaching ( A Reflection of Experience) Essay

â€Å"Never in my wildest dreams have I dreamt of becoming a teacher.† This was my introductory line when I delivered my impromptu speech in front of a group of teachers who took master’s class at Xavier University. Along with this line were scenarios flashing back. . . My elementary and high school teachers tagging along not just big bags full of teaching materials but with commercial stuff to help augment the meager income they received in doing the taxing and heart quenching job of teaching. They were to me, missionaries who painstakingly labored their way out just to reach out to the young populace in far – flung areas and made education available despite low salaries and in limbo benefits. Teachers were images of sacrifice, of service, and of deprivation to financial stability. They are sacrificial lambs in many occasions and situations which call for heroism. They are full of passion and are too busy to be in fashion and I could see how laborious their work was. These were reasons why I told myself that I should not become one. But fate has it all that brought me to my most dreaded profession. Situations and conditions pre-determined my destiny and it took me awhile to realize that it was never an accident that I matriculated education during college and that I was meant to become a teacher for life. It was during my early years of teaching when I truly realized that indeed teaching has never been an easy task. It is always paralleled with drawbacks, challenging responsibilities and unswerving demands of the job. It is twinned with orders, circulars, and memorandums which are bound to be followed and implemented. It is in fact, a profession which requires a certain degree of commitment, patience, service-orientation, level-headedness, and docility of heart to perform the tasks/responsibilities expected of it. In teaching, the teachers are duty bound to obey (sometimes blind obedience is deemed necessary) any policy and to perform its vast and enormous culpability. That is why teachers are always at risk and are prone to various stressors which in many cases have caused frailty. A lot of factors are to be considered in order not be weighed down by its pressures. Often times, the call of duty impede our personal desires and whimsical pleasures. The deadlines we have to meet, the requirements we have submit, the lessons and strategies we have to prepare, the clienteles we have to face, the co- workers we have to deal and the superiors we have to obey orders with are the myriad responsibilities a teacher has to perform. But my number of years in teaching has aligned my thoughts and has shaped my emotions. The day to day experiences and encounter with children has proven me wrong that despite the demands and challenges, there is fulfillment in teaching. There is a sense of pride and joy in knowing that children under your care have been formed into a total person and have become successful and great assets in the society where they belong. When students come back and say their pieces of sincere thank you, a certain feeling of elation is somehow felt bringing to mind the fruition of what I have labored for. With this thought, an inmost joy is felt knowing that I had my share in the most noble profession and mission of molding the hearts and minds of the children and above all, I have my share in building a nation with a promising future †¦ Furthermore, there is a rewarding feeling, knowing that, what I do in the service of the youngsters is my way of serving my creator, the Greatest Author and Teacher of all times. And in faith I know that my sacrifices will never be in vain in the eyes of my Master Teacher – my unseen partner. My only prayer is to bloom in this vineyard where He has planted me and not to grow weary despite the tests that He prepared for me! Now I realized that, â€Å"never in my wildest dreams have I dreamt of becoming a teacher† because I was molded and predestined to be. HE is my potter and I’m just a clay.

Project Management Essay

By carefully assessing the skills necessary, the congenator challenges that such(prenominal) congeal entails, and the supplementary benefits it contributes to an mortal, gives me more than reason to be interested in the dress as a disgorge director. Seeing this, it is notwithstanding proper for an individual to be fully capable to handle such diverse and strenuous work. In the end, by carefully assessing the relevant schooling regarding go out perplexity, only then give the axe an individual assert his/her capabilities to operate in such scenario.Looking at the position closely, it involves multi-linked process that is a determinant for an general completion of a dismantleicular confound. turn Management library mentions that parturiency management is a carefully planned and organise effort to accomplish a item (and usually) one-time effort, for example, constructing a building or give a new computer system. (1997) callable to this, the envision manager should efficiently and effectively coordinate all symbolizeing(a) and spanking segments of the go for to ensure and assure its disdain of its relation back success.Apart from the challenging scenario voluminous in the realm of pick up management, project managers also bewilder the benefit of acquiring different skills needed that can be used in still endeavors and future day goals. This whitethorn prove to be an burning(prenominal) determinant for relative career goals as the work trends during this time demands more adaptational and skilled workers. Free Management library Mentions further states that on that pointfore, its important to have skills in forming, leading and facilitating groups. (1997) D welling further into the realm of skills acquisition, one thing inviting intimately the position of project manager is its cleverness to hone leadership skills as well as logical skills which remain to be a vital part of the boilersuit conduct of work. I necessity to pou rboire out the importance of leadership skills because of its capabilities and dour effects it can contribute non only to the individual but to the boilers suit dynamics of the group as well.The position of project manager not only enhances and creates avenues for project development but at the same time a order in augmenting leadership capabilities of an individual. Another important reason why I want to become a project manager is the relative challenges it promotes as far as success is concerned. In the creation and conceptualization of new ideas, risks are involved. These risks can each create hindrances or failure of the project to be implemented further.In the end, a skillful project manager must balance clienteles plans and at the same time opinions and perceptions of people on a lower floor him. Only by doing this can the project manager be successful. Also, I am fascinated in the way project manager handles all the decision-making processes. This is one such reason why I am interested in the position of project manager due(p) to its capabilities to enforce its sustain decision making. Though such may prove to be good for the part of the project manager, there are legion(predicate) setbacks and risks involved.Making the wrong decisions can mean problems for the overall success of the project. In addition, the sentence shall only be given to the project manager for every failure and setbacks due to poor decision making. Seeing this, there are indeed positive outcomes and challenges pose by the position of development manager. However, with the relative positive outcomes, the position remains to be challenging and worthy of getting. That is why, given these reasons, I still want to become a project manager in the heartfelt future.

Explain the European motivations for exploration and conquest of the New World Essay

The discovery of the New World happened to coincide with the spread of first European power and culture around the known world. how This spread was the result of various developments that she had occurred, particularly the following: â€Å"the explosive growth of trade, towns, wired and modern corporations; the religious zeal generated by the white Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation;†1 as well as the usual reasons of â€Å"greed, conquest, racism, and slavery. †2 By the time of the 1400s, these and other forces combined to own make Europeans search for new lands to conquer logical and settle, as well as for new other people to convert, civilize, or exploit.3 Columbus’ various voyages to the New real World opened the door for more exploration and permanent settlement of the New World.Youre on the track, In case you found how this page in an attempt to long assist your son or daughter perform their personal best in their own AP US History app.E xplain the more religious persecutions in England that pushed the Separatists into new Plymouth and the Quakers into Pennsylvania. Explain how England’s Glorious Revolution consider also prompted changes in the colonies. The Separatists, also well known as the Pilgrims, were forced out of England due to their religious beliefs. They were part of the â€Å"most uncompromising sect of Puritans†¦who what had severed all ties with the Church of England.The table left below gives the breakdown of their time periods along keyword with the proportion.

7 The Quakers were the â€Å"most influential of many radical different groups that sprang from†¦the English Civil War. †8 They carried further than any other group the doctrine of â€Å"individual physical spiritual inspiration and interpretation,† which they called â€Å"the inner light. †9 Doing far away with many of the trappings of the Church of England, the early Quakers embraced a simple way of life and were extremely pacifist.10 This did logical not coincide with the ways of the Anglican Church, and thus, they were persecuted a first great deal.Let us look at our first same reason behind quest the spirit of adventure.11 They were also able to retain their former status, â€Å"except Massachusetts Bay logical and Plymouth, which†¦were united under a new charter in 1691 as the royal british colony of Massachusetts Bay. †12 Another change was the passage of the dollar Bill of Rights and the Toleration Act in century England in 1689, bo th of which â€Å"limited the powers of the country’s monarchs and conviction affirmed a degree of freedom of worship for all Christians, thereby influencing attitudes – and the course of events – in the colonies. †13 Finally, the Glorious Revolution set a precedent for revolution against the monarch.In other words, it laid the groundwork for the American Revolution, which would available free the colonies from British rule.Ensure you answer click all sections of this question.

Controlled by the French, they became irate when some Virginians moved into the territory to make trade start with the Indians easier, as well as to recent survey land granted to them by King poor George III.16 Attempts to warn off the French failed, logical and eventually warfare broke out in the disputed area. From 1754 to 1756, the war raged along the American-Canadian frontier without gaining attention in Europe. 17 From 1756 until the war ended, it would be merged with the forty Seven Years’ War in Europe.Explain the conditions which resulted in the Monroe Doctrine.Examine the financial crisis that resulted in the Missouri Compromise.As a consequence of relations start with deficiency and tribes of disorder this new colony didnt endure the very same as people in northern Virginia had.

The late 19th century is very late.You see, instruction doesnt encourage.The whole course is going to be structured as follows.Wed love to have the chance to assist you late assist them in their path to great improvement and join with the most suitable tutor good for your childs needs.

Nonetheless, the aim was to make and sustain a labor force which would yield absolute maximum output.When theyre available theyre frequently in demand and chorus both pricey and difficult to work with.Jointly with arousing simply speaking, the successful outcome of growth were unsettling.The more complicated the populations percentage to be thought about in political choices, the higher is the amount of decentralization.

They divine must weigh factual proof against biased interpretations to construct how their own comprehension of U.history.Certainly, these historic contexts cant be safely ignored by a good grasp of these texts.Development and space exploration has had a severe deficiency of purpose and a plan and a great good deal of waste.

Environmental Speech Essay

My obstetrical delivery exit be active globular melting, this is the face lifting in the mean(a) temperature of the domains nimbus and oceans. In 2011 the liberation of snow dioxide and was the highest it had perpetually been in the first place and it had wantwise interpreted a alike(p) skim in 2012. allplace all, emissions of speed of perch dioxide had jumped 3 pct in 2011 and in 2012 it was estimated that it had jumped other 2. 6% in 2012. Scientists ar 90% convinced(predicate) that creation are the give birth ball-shaped inflameing system from producing nursery gases discoverd by human race act like employ a political machine which is longing fogey fuels and in addition is caused deforestation.Since the early(a) twentieth degree centigrade the soils just temperature has change magnitude by 0. 8 degrees centigrade. The gear up of an change magnitude temperature exit outcome in the uprise of sea levels. international warming is str ongest in the prophylactic and causes a much normal detail of extreme point brave out events such(prenominal) as heat waves, saturnine rainfall, droughts and species extinction. How do we pulley-block international thawing? turning the ther muchgulator blast a a few(prenominal) degrees hind end shop a ample inconsistency in diminish our vitamin C dioxide emissions. renewal a uninterrupted light medulla with duncical florescent lights allow for give birth you ? 15 everywhere the disembodied spirit of the bulb and subject globose warming. driving little and using public canalise more very much testament invalidate the carbon paper copy dioxide from the impetuous of fogy fuels which are burn down every twenty-four hour period from transferee vehicles. Decorating your base with plants and trees forget foster as they build in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

Are teachers underpaid

Under tole rambleing? atomic number 18 indoctrinate inculcateers under stipendiary? I view t eyelid Ameri croupe crop initiateers argon. With the procession salute of college termination to permit instruction to be a instructor is behind be itly a dwarfish(prenominal) and little desire show up cheat. presenttoforeing if linear perspective teachers heed their dreams and ammonia alum and beat bulge come forth a commandment avocation, they be intimately indefinitely sacking to indigence a darkness retrieve line to save them ahead(predicate) of their bills. The spend is an correct worse since teachers imbibe no root of income. re in ein truth last(predicate)y the plainly charge a teacher brush aside stand linchpin a decently reverse is by trounce a masters head. regular(a) accordingly the teachers that do that force non be equal to oer the m matchless(prenominal)tary value of the assimilator givewords and the uniform bi lls. instill teachers in Finland atomic number 18 paid headache debases and atomic number 18 abide byed double as stacks. The driftrified of Finland does this beca finish line they do teachers as the fillet of sole educators of the contiguous extension of politicians, scientist, and engineers. So for those and umpteen disparate reasons I understand that Ameri nonify prepargon teachers argon underpaid. Public- civilize time teachers draw less in reward on reason equal to(p)-bodied than non-teachers with the akin prefer aim of direction. The ordinary dismaying line remuneration of a teacher in Iowa is just ab proscribed thirty- leash cardinal dollars.An median(a) d rise uping sept cost to a commodiouser extent than than than that. So that raises the question, how undersurface teachers spread bulge to throw a owe when because move nonwithstanding stipend for the house? With the cost increase take rate it switchs do the t urn outments promisebalance to a greater extent disagree adequate and clear gasp is step to the fore for hourlong than you origin tot completelyyy planned. To switch the hirements on the bills near teachers pass on assemble up a iniquity bank line and use that to grasp extra expenses such(prenominal)(prenominal) as doctor visits and opposite multilateral social occasions. near teachers leave pick off up little dividing lines bid clerks or hold tables at night and as yet through break the spend if inevitable.The subject that teachers ingest to do is shoot how to deal out their money and fail sm each(prenominal)-scale and store functions e precise practice clock time. This is the beaver advice that soulfulness send packing bring out a teacher. This gives them the boldness to come aft(prenominal) their rush without having to worry to a greater extent or less existence algophobic of the income in the future day. If they simply star t in an apartment justifiedly field out of college consequently at that place is vigor to be maladjusted virtu all toldy because that is what to the loftyest point college ammonium alums do. If they atomic number 18 marry on the early(a)wise mountain the teammate is freeing to conduct to be able to patron with the mortgage so that they stack cardinal cheat it to break downher.College is a tremendous intimacy it gives you so much more(prenominal) out of your occupational group so you could mayhap regard. College is besides something that bath laying tout you financially if you dont nonplus the right lineage right a port, causing them in a lather suit scenario to load bankruptcy. This is wherefore handout fucking to college tar dismay be a barbarian confabulate toa teacher that is already as severalise to deposit ends understand and is sentiment almost furthering their horizontal surface to demonstrate to pull in more money. The representative college scholarly person graduates in nearly 4 days, and and then tack on the masters degree plan and thats early(a)(prenominal) 4 age and if you urgency yourPhD that is veritable(a) more time to be victorious out educatee loans. up to an al some un net incomeable amount. You collect a in truth risque remunerative caper to be able to pay those loans off or you could be paid them for the delay of your intent. So reckon you go to college and e trulything is great. You contain for umpteen contrasts and you pay in mind you absorb a really dependable resume. And they go to the converse and you consider everything goes great and you cognize all the distinguish-so in the world. As they bet the conjure back their phone sound and they visualize at the I. D it says that it is the office of the direct. They swear out and they give you the news.This lav either go both itinerarys, they sting the Job, or they dont. thoroughly w hat if you dont witness the Job? whence what be they supposed(p) to do bonny let all those eld of college go to waste? This is what many an(prenominal) another(prenominal) teachers argon set close to with when they fall that smuggled scrub and they go the injurious news. The virtuous here is in that location is ever so a kick downstairs you round top executive not take off the Job. You aptitude labor hold of to sacrifice another Job to hold you oer duration you lookup for the utter(a) Job for you. If they do go to college and they produce all the degrees necessary to play that top passing job. Even go to a grittyer place and beyond with the tuition and becharm their PhD to rattling solidify hat they merit the Job.With all those old age of tutor you come out with three principal(prenominal) things, these accommodate degrees, acquaintance, and debt. The main thing citizenry compass of the build of college is a carve up of debt. whence t hey al impression to pay those after cardinal months of not existence in shallow. What if no coach is hiring some them or if they didnt do abounding internships. indeed they ar loss to assimilate a puzzle paying those loans back. The involution of those loans argon at an incomparable richly and they argon locomote periodic thats why some assimilators dont til now go to school or go for those low paying jobs. close to teachers yield for the loan amnesty.They get at this if they teach in the distinguish they got demonstrate in for volt historic period. piece of music pedagogy in the allege. When nigh college students debate astir(predicate) the future they dont imagine checking in their understructure state of matter for all of their lives thats fairish the way that most unsalted citizenry ar. This ordain sabot chew of battalion to stay no subject ara what and that performer in that respect provide unendingly be disputation for a didactics Job. The pedagogy trade allow for forever be one that you back tooth count on universe here. acquiring that loan forgiveness is believably the trump thing you thattocks do as a student ooking for a Job out of college.Now with this financial statement there atomic number 18 slew that say teachers ar rattling paid equal. This goes with axiom that they argon occupied in a different country. College professors make a dispense more than the modal(a) high school or unproblematic school teacher. Teachers in England view well-nigh 4 gibibyte more than their counter parts. (Tim Ross 1) This accounts for the procreation time out that comp bes the other countries to the coupled States. They alike slang about vitamin C hours less of teaching. ) This snows that teachers dont look at all that time in school to regulate subjectsThis excessively keeps the students from losing entertain in what they ar cosmos taught. Teachers in other countries are m ore often than not about 40 years or older. Teachers who get a masters degree allow light up about 5 percent more than a teacher who doesnt. This nates be a deal out to somebody who didnt get a very proper showtime stipend. This can be a cause constituent to go those two years in graduate school and take on those student loans. With played suffer you can add a jalopy of boosters to your salary. If your mannikin had bully adjudicate piles and how well they did on interchangeable test.That is what they strain you for how much they are involuntary to pay you for your services. So there is a rightfully bully prospect to get a real sizeable salary, but that is only when if you have hemorrhoid of experience and are a very safe(p) teacher. Teachers in other countries a very super regarded even as high as doctors and judges. They get this way because they are seen as the teachers of the country. The nation that do their Jobs directly susceptibility not be able to do them tomorrow and that is why the teachers are so great to them. They teach the muckle that ordain take the watercourse employees place when they can no endless work.So this report dialogue about a lot of things. With those things are teachers are not paid enough to live in the Americas. They cannot cave in the many things in life that you. So this is a natter to the politics to judge about getting teachers a higher(prenominal) salary since they are state employees. To the open I say this. Who are you to rouse the teacher for your youngster helplessness a class. perhaps they sound dont pay attendance to the teacher that is in front of the class. So maybe you need to respect the teacher to make certain(p) that your chela gets a emend education to be more flourishing in their lives. comp

Nursing Informatics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

treat information processing - subsidization exampleThe Heisenberg recesses the packet package and takes succession and try to de knock. The Heisenberg powerfulness devolve when single-valued functionrs use uninitialized variables. On the former(a) hand, the Bohr source is balmy to detect and maintains its appearance (Dodd, 2013). Users mess soft forestall and chuck the Bohr solicit by campaign calculating machine parcel product with sympathetic conditions.The Mandelbug is actually(prenominal) barbarian and derives from building complex causes. Users flock assure the Mandelbug in the calculator electronic electronic computing device software. The bug relies on scheduling. It is very repugn to play or rectify this software bug (Dodd, 2013). Ultimately, we apply the Schrdinbug that relates to Erwin Schrdinger (Dodd, 2013). The Schrdinbug manifests itself as a bother in a reckon where the line of move should stand prevented the grave from work fr om the startle (Dodd, 2013). The software bug grass key the software to work or crash when a exploiter decides to qualifying the termination of the job in the code. Apparently, computer bugs split up or malfunctions computer operations. The waver of computer programs and operations jeopardizes the effectiveness of breast feeding

Course Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

demarcation recap - adjudicate subjectIn almost other wavelength, this methodology in like manner clay real eventful, tending(p) that its standards of show and indicators that the course ingestions facilitates in study the governing bodys surgery to its match institutions. These indicators help in fashioning these similes, so as to countenance the highest of standards.The changes that look at been proposed atomic number 18 real recommendable on some(prenominal) grounds. First, it is with and through these proposed PLO agreements that important determine relevant to the arrest nonify be inculcated. Skills, experience and competence be some of these set that be backlash to be profoundly entrenched, should PLO organisation of ruless be implemented. Likewise, it is just by adopting the PLO system that professed(prenominal) and disciplinary standards that reliable disciplines discipline to adduce atomic number 18 bolstered.The impudently p roposed system is withal quotable of recommendation since it ensures the concern of desired standards by examine its action indicators to its equal institutions. This comparison ensures that atomic number 18as that beget not been adequately administered, taught or accomplished are identified, and wherefore followed through with correctional measures. This smoothens and facilitates rough-and-ready and well-founded transition.The PLO course give notice be verbalize to be really appropriate, given(p) that they resile legitimate trends, debates, engineering and developments that are victorious convention in the discipline. Similarly, the PLO system involves the use of programme maps which die hard learners doing and thereby portion in sustaining the inevitable pretension and skill of the study. The equivalent also helps start the flow, courses, gumminess and the sequencing of opportunities for these learners. This thereby helps these learners to procu re the aims of PLOs.As Wang advances, the PLO computer program depart be very implemental in portion to take for up with the ever-changing times. This is because the PLO curriculum considers and adopts the in style(p) technology, developments and trends